By
Laws
ARTICLE
I
Name, Governing Law, Office
The name of this Corporation is South Asian
Bar Association of Connecticut, Inc. (herein called the “Corporation”)
The Corporation is incorporated under and shall be governed
by the Connecticut Revised Nonstock Corporation Act, Chapter
602 of the Connecticut General Statutes (herein, as amended
or replaced from time to time, referred to as the “Nonstock
Act”). The registered office of the Corporation shall
be in such place in the State of Connecticut as the Board
of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board”)
shall from time to time designate. The Corporation may have
such other offices within or without the State of Connecticut
as the Board may from time to time designate
ARTICLE II
Members
2.1 Classes, Qualifications - The
Corporation shall have two (2) classes of members, called
“Members” and “Honorary Members.”
Only an individual who is a member of a state bar or an individual
who is a law student shall be eligible to become a Member.
A law student is anyone currently enrolled in a program leading
to a juris doctor degree. Any individual who is interested
in the purposes of the Corporation who is not a member of
a state bar or a law student shall be eligible to become an
Honorary Member. An individual meeting the eligibility requirements
and interested in becoming a Member shall apply for membership
in such form as the Board shall from time to time designate,
and shall become a Member upon approval by the Board and payment
of the dues established by the Board. Members may nominate
individuals meeting the requirements for becoming an Honorary
Member to become Honorary Members by submitting a nomination
to the Board in such form as the Board shall from time to
time designate. A person so nominated shall become an Honorary
Member upon approval by the Board of the Corporation.
2.2 Dues and Assessments -
The Board shall have the authority to set dues and assessments
for Members, to change the same from time to time, to establish
the due date for payment thereof, and to set dues and assessments
for Members at different levels for different categories of
Members based on age, residence, years of admission to the
bar, student status, or such other criteria as the Board deems
relevant and fair. Honorary Members shall not be required
to pay dues or assessments.
2.3 Rights, Privileges and Benefits
of Members - Members shall have the right to participate
in and attend programs and seminars offered by the Corporation.
They shall have the right to vote for the election of directors
and any other matter as determined by the Board or the Certificate
of Incorporation of the Corporation or these Bylaws. Honorary
Members shall have the right to participate in and attend
programs and seminars offered by the Corporation, but shall
have no right to vote for the election of directors or officers
or on any other matter which may come before the Corporation,
shall not be entitled to receive notice of meetings, and shall
not be eligible to serve as an Officer or Director of the
Corporation.
2.4 Termination of Membership -
The membership of a Member in the Corporation shall terminate
automatically upon (1) a Member's failure to pay annual dues
or any assessment on or before the date set for payment by
the Board; (2) a finding by the majority vote of the Board
that the Member is no longer a member of a state bar or a
law student; or (3) the death or written resignation of the
Member. The membership of an Honorary Member may be terminated
at any time by vote of the Board, with or without cause and
shall terminate upon the death or written resignation of the
Honorary Member.
2.5 Transfer of Membership -
Membership in the Corporation shall not be transferable or
assignable.
2.6 Annual Members’ Meeting
- An annual meeting of the Members (the "Annual
Members' Meeting") for the election of Directors and
Officers and the transaction of any business within the powers
of the Members shall be held during the months of March or
April in each year on a date and at the time set by the Board.
2.7 Special Meetings - Special
meetings of the Members may be called by the President at
any time and shall be called by the President upon the written
request of one-fifth (1/5th) of the Members stating the purpose
of such special meeting. If the President does not, within
fifteen days after the receipt of such request, so call a
special meeting, such Members may call the same.
2.8 Record Date - The day
immediately prior to the date that the notice of a meeting
of Members is mailed or electronically transmitted under Section
2.9 shall be the record date for determining the Members entitled
to notice of the meeting. A determination of Members entitled
to notice of or to vote at a meeting of Members is effective
for any adjournment of the meeting unless the Board of Directors
fixes a new record date, which it may do if it chooses and
which it must do if the meeting is adjourned to a date more
than one hundred twenty (120) days after the date fixed for
the original meeting.
2.9 Notice to Members -
Not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before
each meeting of the Members, the Secretary shall give to the
Members written notice by U.S. mail, facsimile or electronic
mail (“e-mail”) stating the date, time and place
of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting or as
otherwise may be required by the Nonstock Act or the Bylaws,
the purpose for which the meeting is called. If mailed by
U.S. mail, the notice to the Members shall be effective when
deposited in the United States mail addressed to each Member
at each Member's post office address as it appears on the
records of the Corporation, with first class postage prepaid.
If given by e-mail or facsimile, the notice to the Members
shall be effective when electronically transmitted to the
Member in the manner authorized by the Member.
2.10 Scope of Notice - No
business shall be transacted at a special meeting of the Members
except that specifically designated in the notice. Any business
of the Corporation may be transacted at the Annual Members'
Meeting without being specifically designated in the notice,
except business that is required by the Certificate of Incorporation,
the Bylaws or the Nonstock Act to be stated in the notice,
and except that no changes of the Bylaws may be made unless
notice of the change and the text thereof has been included
with the notice of the meeting.
2.11 Computation of Time of Notice
- In computing the time period of any notice required
or permitted to be given to the Members under any provision
of the Nonstock Act, the Certificate of Incorporation or the
Bylaws, or under a resolution of the Members or of the Board,
the day on which the notice is effective shall be excluded
and the day on which the matter noticed is to occur shall
be included, in the absence of a contrary provision.
2.12 Adjournment - An annual,
regular or special meeting of Members may be adjourned to
a different date, time or place by the Members present, and
notice of the new date, time and place need not be given if
the new date, time or place is announced at the meeting before
adjournment. If a new record date for the adjourned meeting
is or must be fixed under Section 2.8, however, notice of
the new date, time and place of the adjourned meeting must
be given in the manner provided in Section 2.9 and 2.10 to
the persons who are Members as of the new record date.
2.13 Proxy - At any meeting
of the Members, the Members shall be entitled to vote in person
or by proxy. If by proxy, the proxy shall be in writing, shall
be dated and executed by the Member or the Member's duly authorized
attorney-in-fact, but no proxy which is dated more than eleven
(11) months before the meeting at which it is offered shall
be accepted, unless the proxy shall, on its face, name a longer
period for which it is to remain in force.
2.14 Quorum - Ten percent
(10%) of the Members, present in person or by proxy, at any
meeting of Members shall constitute a quorum for such meeting,
provided, that if less than a quorum is present at said meeting,
a majority of those present may adjourn the meeting from time
to time without further notice.
2.15 Members’ Action -
The affirmative vote of a majority of the Members present
in person or by proxy at a duly called meeting at which a
quorum is present shall be the act of the Members unless otherwise
provided by the Nonstock Act, the Certificate of Incorporation,
or these Bylaws.
2.16 Members Action Without Meeting
- Any action which, under any provision of the Nonstock Act
may be taken at a meeting of the Members, may be taken without
a meeting by a consent in writing, setting forth the action
so taken or to be taken, signed by all of the Members, or
by each Member's duly authorized attorney, which action for
purposes of this section shall be referred to as “unanimous
written consent.” The Secretary shall file such consent
with the minutes of the meetings of the Members. A unanimous
written consent shall have the same force and effect as a
vote of the Members at a meeting duly held, and may be stated
as such in any certificate or document filed under the Nonstock
Act.
2.17 Waiver of Notice - A
Member may waive any notice required by the Nonstock Act,
the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws before or after
the date and time stated in the notice. The waiver must be
in writing, be signed by the Member and be delivered to the
Corporation for inclusion in the minutes or filing with the
corporate records. A Member’s attendance at a meeting:
(1) waives objection to lack of notice or defective notice
of the meeting, unless the Member at the beginning of the
meeting objects to holding the meeting or transacting business
at the meeting; and (2) waives objection to consideration
of a particular matter at the meeting that is not within the
purpose or purposes described in the meeting notice, unless
the Member objects to considering the matter when it is presented.
2.18 Chairperson to Preside at Meetings
of Member - At each meeting of the Members, the President,
or in his absence, the Vice President or a person appointed
by the Board, shall preside as chairperson. The chairperson
shall determine the order of business and shall have the authority
to establish rules for the conduct of the meeting. Any rules
adopted for, and the conduct of, the meeting shall be fair
to the Members. The chairperson of the meeting shall announce
at the meeting when the polls close for each matter voted
upon. If no announcement is made, the polls shall be deemed
to have closed upon the final adjournment of the meeting.
After the polls close, no ballots, proxies or votes, nor any
revocation or changes thereto, may be accepted.
ARTICLE III
Directors
3.2 Number of Directors -
The Board shall have not fewer than three (3) nor more than
nine (9) director positions. The actual number of director
positions within such minimum and maximum shall initially
be prescribed by resolution of the incorporator, and thereafter
shall be prescribed by the Members at the Annual Members’
Meeting. Directors shall be elected from among the Members
of the Corporation.
3.3 Election, Term - The
Board shall be elected by the Members at each Annual Members’
Meeting, to serve for one (1) year terms. For purposes of
these Bylaws, the period between consecutive Annual Members’
Meetings shall be deemed to be one (1) year.
3.4 Nominations - The Board
shall propose a slate of nominees for election as Directors
and notify the Members of its nominees at least thirty (30)
days before the Annual Members’ Meeting. Additional
nominations for Director may be made by written petition signed
by at least five (5) Members and filed with the Secretary
of the Corporation at least twenty (20) days prior to the
Annual Members’ Meeting. The Board shall ensure that
notice of any such additional nominations shall be given to
the Members at least ten (10) days before the Annual Members’
Meeting in the manner set forth in Section 2.9. There shall
be no nominations from the floor at the Annual Members’
Meeting.
3.5 Annual Meeting of the Board -
An Annual Meeting of the Board (the "Annual Board Meeting")
shall be held as soon as practical after the annual Members’
Meeting at such time, place and date as shall be determined
by the Board. At the Annual Board Meeting, the Board shall
establish a schedule of regular meetings of the Board for
the ensuing year and conduct such other business as may properly
come before the meeting.
3.6 Regular Meetings of the Board
- In addition to the Annual Board Meeting, regular
meetings of the Board shall be held at least five (5) times
each year in accordance with a schedule established for the
year by the Board at each Annual Board Meeting, which may
be revised thereafter at any duly called and convened meeting
of the Board.
3.7 Special Meetings of the Board
- Special meetings of the Board may be held at any
time. Special meetings shall be called by the Secretary at
the request of at least fifteen percent (15%) of the total
number of Directors in office at the time.
3.8 Notice of Meetings -
Written notice of each Annual Board Meeting shall be given
to each Director by U.S. mail, facsimile, or electronic mail
(“e-mail”), not less than ten (10) nor more than
thirty (30) days before the meeting. Written notice of regular
meetings of the Board shall not be required, except that no
bylaw may be brought up for adoption, amendment or repeal
unless stated in a written notice of the meeting providing
the text of the proposed change. Written notice of each special
meeting of the Board shall be given to each Director not less
than three (3) days before the meeting. Written notice shall
be given by U.S. Mail, facsimile or electronic mail (“e-mail”).
Facsimile notice shall be effective when electronically transmitted
to the facsimile number authorized by the Director for purposes
of giving such notice. E-mail notice shall be effective when
electronically transmitted to the Director's e-mail address
authorized by the Director for purposes of giving such notice.
Notice to a Director by U.S. mail shall be deemed to be effective
five (5) days after its deposit in the United States mail,
first class postage prepaid, addressed to the Director at
the address provided by the Director to the Corporation for
such purpose. Notice of the Annual Board Meeting shall state
the date, time and place of the meeting and need not specify
the business to be transacted at the meeting unless required
by the Nonstock Act, the Certificate of Incorporation or a
provision of the Bylaws, and notice of any special meeting
of the Board shall state the date, time and place of the meeting
and the business to be transacted at the meeting, provided,
however, that no bylaw may be brought up for adoption, amendment
or repeal at any meeting, whether annual, regular or special,
unless stated in a written notice of the meeting setting forth
the text of the proposed change. In computing the time period
of any notice required or permitted to be given to the Directors
under the Nonstock Act, the Certificate of Incorporation or
the Bylaws, or under a resolution of the Members or of the
Board, the day on which the notice is effective shall be excluded,
and the day on which the matter noticed is to occur shall
be included, in the absence of a contrary provision.
3.9 Place of Meetings -
The Board may hold its meetings at such place or places within
or without the State of Connecticut as the Board may from
time to time determine.
3.10 Waiver of Notice -
A Director may waive any notice required by the Nonstock Act,
the Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws before or after
the date and time stated in the notice. Except as provided
in the following sentence, the waiver shall be in writing,
signed by the Director entitled to the notice, and filed with
the minutes or corporate records. A Director's attendance
at or participation in a meeting waives any required notice
to the Director of the meeting unless the Director at the
beginning of the meeting, or promptly upon the arrival of
the Director, objects to holding the meeting or transacting
business at the meeting and does not thereafter vote for or
assent to action taken at the meeting.
3.11 Quorum and Voting -
A majority of the total number of director positions prescribed
at the time for the Board shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business by the Board.
3.12 Action By the Board -
The act of a majority of the Directors present at a meeting
at which a quorum is present at the time of the act shall
be an act of the Board, except as may otherwise be required
by the Nonstock Act, the Certificate of Incorporation or the
Bylaws. Each Director must act personally; there shall be
no voting by proxy, power of attorney or other delegation
method.
3.13 Action Without Meeting -
Any action required or permitted by the Nonstock Act, the
Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws to be taken at
a Board meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action
is taken by all Directors. The action shall be evidenced by
one (1) or more written consents describing the action taken,
signed by each Director and included in the minutes or filed
with the corporate records reflecting the action taken. Action
taken under this section is effective when the last Director
signs the consent, unless the consent specifies a different
effective date. A consent signed under this section has the
effect of a meeting vote and may be described as such in any
document.
3.14 Telephonic, etc., Meeting -
The Board may permit any or all Directors to participate in
the Annual Board Meeting or any regular or special meeting
by, or conduct the meeting through the use of, any means of
communication by which all Directors participating may simultaneously
hear each other during the meeting. A Director participating
in a meeting by this means is deemed to be present in person
at the meeting.
3.15 Resignation of Directors -
A Director may resign at any time by delivering written notice
to the Board of Directors, the President or the Corporation.
A resignation is effective when the notice is delivered unless
the notice specifies a later effective date.
3.16 Removal of Directors -
The Members may remove any one or more of the Directors with
or without cause at any time. A Director may be removed only
at a meeting of the Members called for the purpose of removing
the Director, and the meeting notice must state that the purpose,
or one of the purposes, of the meeting is the removal of the
Director.
3.17 Vacancies - If a vacancy
occurs among the Directors, including a vacancy resulting
from an increase in the number of Directors: (1) the Members
may fill the vacancy; (2) the Directors may fill the vacancy;
or (3) if the Directors remaining in office constitute fewer
than a quorum of the Board, they may fill the vacancy by the
affirmative vote of a majority of all the Directors remaining
in office. The term of a Director elected to fill a vacancy
expires at the next meeting of the Members of the Corporation
at which Directors are elected. A vacancy that will occur
at a specific later date, by reason of a resignation effective
at a later date under Section 3.15 of this Article III or
otherwise, may be filled before the vacancy occurs but the
new elected Director may not take office until the vacancy
occurs.
ARTICLE IV
Officers
4.1 Number and Title - The
Corporation shall have the following officers: a President,
a Vice-President, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The duties
of the officers of the Corporation shall be such as are prescribed
by these Bylaws and as may be prescribed from time to time
by the Board. The Officers of the Corporation shall be elected
annually by the Members at the annual meeting of the Members
from among the persons who are Directors of the Corporation.
4.2 President - The President
shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, and
shall also perform such other duties as shall be assigned
to him or her by the Board from time to time. The President
shall be elected from among those persons who are Directors
of the Corporation at the time of election and shall automatically
cease to be President when he or she ceases to be a Director.
4.3 Vice President - Subject
to any restrictions imposed by the Board, the Vice President
shall perform the duties and have the powers of the President
during the absence or disability of the President. The Vice
President shall also perform such other duties as may be assigned
to him or her by the Board from time to time. The Vice President
shall be elected from among those persons who are Directors
of the Corporation at the time of such election and shall
automatically cease to be Vice President when he or she ceases
to be a Director.
4.4 Secretary - The Secretary
shall be responsible for preparing and keeping a record of
the proceedings of all meetings of the Board and for authenticating
records of the Corporation. The Secretary shall have the custody
of the seal of the Corporation and all books, records and
papers of the Corporation, except as shall be in the charge
of the Treasurer or of some other person authorized to have
custody and possession thereof by a resolution of the Board,
and shall discharge all other duties required of such officer
by law or assigned to him or her from time to time by the
Board or as are incident to the office of Secretary. The Secretary
shall be elected from among those persons who are Directors
of the Corporation at the time of election and shall automatically
cease to be Secretary when he or she ceases to be a Director.
4.5 Treasurer - The Treasurer
shall oversee the custody of all funds and securities of the
Corporation, shall supervise the keeping of full and accurate
accounts of receipts and disbursements of all funds of the
Corporation, shall oversee the maintenance of the accounting
books and records of the Corporation, and shall supervise
the deposit of all monies and valuable effects in the name
and to the credit of the Corporation in depositories designated
by the Board. The Treasurer shall prepare or cause to be prepared
an annual budget for the Corporation and shall submit it to
the Board prior to the beginning of each fiscal year of the
Corporation. The Treasurer shall prepare or cause to be prepared
annual financial statements for the Corporation in form and
substance satisfactory to the Board and shall submit such
financial statements to the Board prior to each Annual Board
Meeting. The Treasurer shall report to the Board periodically
on the financial condition of the Corporation in such detail
as the Board may request from time to time, and shall discharge
all other duties required of such officer by law or assigned
to him or her from time to time by the Board or as are incident
to the office of Treasurer. The Treasurer shall be elected
from among those persons who are Directors of the Corporation
at the time of election and shall automatically cease to be
Treasurer when he or she ceases to be a Director.
4.6 Terms of Office - Each
Officer named in this Article IV shall serve for the term
of one (1) year and until his or her successor shall be duly
elected, but any Officer may be removed by the Members at
any time, with or without cause, at any duly noticed meeting
of the Members at which a quorum is present, provided that
the notice of the meeting states that the purpose, or one
of the purposes, of the meeting is the removal of the Officer.
Vacancies among the Officers by reason of death, resignation
or other causes may be filled by the Members, or, in the case
of vacancies occurring between meetings of the Members, may
be filled by the Board.
ARTICLE V
Committees
5.1 Committees of the Board - The
Board may create committees, such as an Executive Committee,
which may exercise the power and authority of the Board, provided,
however, that
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(i) |
each such committee
must be composed entirely of two or more persons who
are Directors while they serve on such committee,
and
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(ii) |
each such committee must be created by vote of the
greater of |
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(A) Directors constituting a majority of the entire
number of Directors in office at the time or
(B) the number of Directors required
to take action under the Bylaws or the Certificate
of Incorporation if either such document requires
a vote greater than a majority of the entire number
of Directors in office at the time, and
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(iii) |
the Directors serving on such
committee must be appointed to the committee each
year by individual name by vote of the greater of
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(A) Directors constituting a majority
of the entire number of Directors in office at the
time or
(B) the number of Directors required to take action
under the Bylaws or the Certificate of Incorporation
if either such document requires a vote greater
than a majority of the entire number of Directors
in office at the time. A committee which is so created
and appointed by the Board shall be referred to
as a "Committee of the Board." A Committee
of the Board shall have and may exercise such power
and authority of the Board as shall be specified
for it by resolution adopted by vote of the greater
of
(a) Directors constituting a majority of the entire
number of Directors in office at the time
or
(b) the number of Directors required to take action
under the Bylaws or the Certificate of Incorporation
if either such document requires a vote greater
than a majority of the entire number of Directors
in office at the time, provided, however, that Committees of
the Board may not
(i) fill vacancies on the Board or any of its committees,
(ii)amend the Certificate of Incorporation,
(iii)adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws,
(iv)approve a plan of merger,
(v) approve a sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of
all, or substantially all, of the property of the
Corporation, other than a mortgage, pledge or other
encumbrance described in subdivision (2) of subsection
(a) of section 33-1165 of the Nonstock Act, or (vi)
approve a proposal to dissolve.
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5.2 Additional Committees -
In addition to Committees of the Board, the Corporation may
have other committees, which may consist entirely of Directors,
or of both Directors and non-Directors, or entirely of non-Directors.
Such other committees may be created and persons to serve
on them may be designated by the Board, or by the President,
provided, however, that no committee other than a Committee
of the Board shall have or exercise any power or authority
of the Board. A committee which is not a Committee of the
Board may advise, recommend, investigate and report to the
Board and/or to the officers of the Corporation on such matters
as may be assigned to it, but shall not exercise the power
or authority of the Board.
ARTICLE VI
Seal
The seal of the Corporation shall have inscribed
thereon the name of the Corporation, the word "Seal"
and the word "Connecticut," and shall be in the
custody of the Secretary.
ARTICLE VII
Finance and Property
7.1 Fiscal Year - The fiscal
year of the Corporation shall be determined by the Board.
7.2 Depositories - All
funds of the Corporation shall be deposited to the credit
of the Corporation in such banks or depositories and under
such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Board.
7.3 Property - Title to
all property shall be held in the name of the Corporation.
7.4 Approved Signatures -
All checks, drafts and other orders for the payment of money
shall be signed by the President or Treasurer or by such officer
or officers or agent or agents as shall be thereunto authorized
by the Board.
7.5 Contracts and Debts - Contracts
may be entered into, or debts incurred only as directed by
resolution of the Board or by its appointed delegate. When
the execution of any contract or other instrument has been
authorized by the Board without specification of the executing
officers, the President or the Treasurer may execute the same
in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation.
7.6 Books and Records - The
Corporation shall keep correct and complete books and records
of account, shall keep minutes of the meetings of its members
and its Board, and shall keep such other records and make
such reports as the Board may from time to time determine.
ARTICLE VIII
Amendments
These Bylaws may be amended or repealed
(i) by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast
by the Members present at any duly called and convened meeting
of the Members at which a quorum is present if the notice
for the meeting gave notice of and included the text of the
proposed change, and (ii) by the affirmative vote of a majority
of the Directors of the Corporation in office at the time
at any duly called and convened meeting of the Board at which
a quorum is present if the notice for the meeting gave notice
of and included the text of the proposed change, provided,
however, that no amendment shall be effective which shall
cause the Corporation to lose its status as a 501(c)(6) tax-exempt
organization, and provided, further, that any amendment which
changes a quorum or voting requirement shall require such
greater vote or vote only by Members as may be required by
the Nonstock Act.
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